Blue Moon Marine

Antioxidant values for some macroalgae

Mark — Tue, 17 May 2011 04:35:01 +0000

Article first published online: 11 APR 2011

DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.00974.x

SEAWEED EXTRACTS AS A POTENTIAL TOOL FOR THE ATTENUATION OF OXIDATIVE DAMAGE IN OBESITY-RELATED PATHOLOGIES^¶

Ok-Hwan Lee¹, Kye-Yoon Yoon², Kui-Jin Kim², SangGuan You³, Boo-Yong Lee^4,

Recent studies suggest that seaweed extracts are a significant source of bioactive compounds comparable to the dietary phytochemicals such as onion and tea extracts. The exploration of natural antioxidants that attenuate oxidative damage is important for developing strategies to treat obesity-related pathologies. The objective of this study was to screen the effects of seaweed extracts of 49 species on adipocyte differentiation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during the adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and to investigate their total phenol contents and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities. Our results show that high total phenol contents were observed in the extracts of Ecklonia cava (see Table 1 for taxonomic authors) (681.1 ± 16.0 ?g gallic acid equivalents [GAE] • g?1), Dictyopteris undulata (641.3 ± 70.7 ?g GAE • g?1), and Laurencia intermedia (560.9 ± 48.1 ?g GAE • g?1). In addition, DPPH radical scavenging activities were markedly higher in Sargassum macrocarpum (60.2%), Polysiphonia morrowii (55.0%), and Ishige okamurae (52.9%) than those of other seaweed extracts (P < 0.05). Moreover, treatment with several seaweed extracts including D. undulata, Sargassum micracanthum, Chondrus ocellatus, Gelidium amansii, Gracilaria verrucosa, and Grateloupia lanceolata significantly inhibited adipocyte differentiation and ROS production during differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Furthermore, the production of ROS was positively correlated with lipid accumulation (R2 = 0.8149). According to these preliminary results, some of the seaweed extracts can inhibit ROS generation, which may protect against oxidative stress that is linked to obesity. Further studies are required to determine the molecular mechanism between the verified seaweeds and ROS, and the resulting effects on obesity.

Type No. Scientific name Collection time TP1 (?g GAE • g?1)

Brown macroalgae

SE-1 Chondracanthus tenellus (Harv.) Hommers. April 27, 2006 112.8 ± 15.1lm
SE-2 Colpomenia sinusa (F. C. Mertens ex Roth) Derbes et Solier in Castagne May 11, 2006 44.0 ± 4.1opqrs
SE-3 Dictyopteris divaricata (Okamura) Okamura April 6, 2006 41.5 ± 5.6pqrs
SE-4 Dictyopteris pacifica (Yendo) I. K. Hwang, H.-S. Kim et W. J. Lee April 27, 2006 80.9 ± 8.3mno
SE-5 Dictyopteris prolifera (Okamura) Okamura November 26, 2007 48.4 ± 3.0nopqrs
SE-6 Dictyopteris undulata Holmes July 28, 2007 641.3 ± 70.7b
SE-7 Dictyota asiatica I. K. Hwang April 6, 2006 52.9 ± 7.6nonopqr
SE-8 Ecklonia cava Kjellm. October 22, 2006 681.1 ± 16.0a
SE-9 Ecklonia stolonifera Okamura November 26, 2007 36.5 ± 3.4pqrs
SE-10 Endarachne binghamiae J. Agardh March 10, 2006 50.4 ± 2.6nopqrs
SE-11 Hizikia fusiformis (Harv.) Okamura July 23, 2006 16.4 ± 1.2rs
SE-12 Hydroclathrus clathratus (C. Agardh) M. Howe May 11, 2006 18.1 ± 0.9rs
SE-13 Ishige okamurae Yendo May 26, 2006 237.4 ± 1.6h
SE-14 Lethesia difformis (L.) Aresch. May 11, 2006 11.2 ± 1.9s
SE-15 Myelophycus simplex (Harv.) Papenf. April 27, 2006 39.5 ± 3.2pqrs
SE-16 Padina arborescens Holmes July 29, 2007 172.9 ± 23.1ij
SE-17 Sargassum fulvellum (Turner) C. Agardh April 27, 2006 119.1 ± 5.6kl
SE-18 Sargassum micracanthum (Kütz.) Endl. December 21, 2006 468.0 ± 22.7e
SE-19 Sargassum patens C. Agardh January 21, 2007 41.5 ± 5.7pqrs
SE-20 Sargassum confusum C. Agardh f. validum Yendo March 8, 2008 110.9 ± 3.5lm
SE-21 Sargassum horneri (Turner) C. Agardh March 1, 2006 84.8 ± 9.4lmn
SE-22 Sargassum macrocarpum C. Agardh January 21, 2007 353.9 ± 59.1g
SE-23 Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensolt January 21, 2007 72.1 ± 14.9nop
SE-24 Sargassum nipponium Yendo April 6, 2006 54.0 ± 3.5nopqr
SE-25 Sargassum sagamianum Yendo March 8, 2008 41.0 ± 6.7pqrs
SE-26 Sargassum thunbergii (Mertens ex Roth) Kuntze July 23, 2006 27.7 ± 0.8qrs
SE-27 Scytosiphon gracilis Kogame May 26, 2006 30.2 ± 5.6qrs
SE-28 Scytosiphon lomentaria (Lyngb.) Link May 11, 2006 66.5 ± 8.9nopq

Red macroalgae

SE-29 Bonnemaisonia hamifera Har. April 27, 2006 44.1 ± 2.3opqrs
SE-30 Callophyllis crispata Okamura May 11, 2006 37.6 ± 12.6pqrs
SE-31 Chondria crassicaulis Harv. May 11, 2006 45.4 ± 4.4opqrs
SE-32 Chondrus crispus Stackh. May 26, 2006 40.7 ± 8.0pqrs
SE-33 Chondrus ocellatus Holmes May 11, 2006 47.2 ± 1.7nopqrs
SE-34 Gelidium amansii (J. V. Lamour.) J. V. Lamour. April 27, 2006 525.3 ± 35.9d
SE-35 Gloioperltis furcata (Postels et Rupr.) J. Agardh May 26, 2006 147.7 ± 6.4jk
SE-36 Gloioperltis complanta (Harv.) Yamada May 26, 2006 58.2 ± 6.4nopq
SE-37 Gracilaria verrucosa (Hudson) Papenf. March 6, 2008 55.1 ± 7.5nopqr
SE-38 Grateloupia elliptica Holmes May 26, 2006 154.4 ± 12.9j
SE-39 Grateloupia filicina (J. V. Lamour.) C. Agardh May 11, 2006 38.2 ± 2.2pqrs
SE-40 Grateloupia lanceolata (Okamura) Kawag. July 23, 2006 32.7 ± 3.0pqrs
SE-41 Laurencia intermedia J. V. Lamour. May 11, 2006 560.9 ± 48.1c
SE-42 Laurencia intricata J. V. Lamour. April 27, 2006 35.4 ± 4.0pqrs
SE-43 Laurencia okamurae Yamada May 11, 2006 193.2 ± 41.9i
SE-44 Lomentaria hakodatensis Yendo April 27, 2006 165.2 ± 15.1ij
SE-45 Polyopes affinis (Harv.) Kawag. et H.-W. Wang May 26, 2006 42.9 ± 2.3opqrs
SE-46 Polysiphonia morrowii Harv. May 11, 2006 392.4 ± 40.3f
SE-47 Prionitis cornea (Okamura) E. Y. Dawson October 22, 2006 47.9 ± 3.6nopqrs

Green macroalgae

SE-48 Enteromorpha prolifera (O. F. Müll.) J. Agardh March 26, 2006 42.0 ± 5.3pqrs
SE-49 Ulva pertusa Kjellm. April 27, 2006 48.3 ± 3.8nopqrs
1. GAE, gallic acid equivalents; SE, seaweed extracts.
2. 1TP, total phenol content is micrograms of total phenol contents per gram of seaweed extract based on gallic acid as standard. The values are means ± SD from three replications.
3. a–sMeans in the same column not sharing a common letter are significantly different (P < 0.05) by Duncan’s multiple test.

Another Survey Result

Webmaster — Thu, 29 Apr 2010 18:41:10 +0000

Becky A
At which cold sore stage was AlgalAid first applied?: Prodromal
If applied at the prodromal stage, did AlgalAid prevent the outbreak?: Yes
On what date did you first notice the cold sore? : 2/4/10
What time was it?: 9:54 AM
On what date was it healed?: SAME DAY!
What time was it?: 1:10 PM
How often do you suffer from cold sores?: Twice a year
What is your age?: 51-60
How would you describe your pigmentation if 5 is dark and 1 is light?: 2
Gender?: Female
Any comments? Please include any additional herbs or remedies taken, side effects or your general impression of Algalaid.: FANTASTIC!!!! NOTHING COULD POSSIBLY BE BETTER!!!! ABSOLUTELY WORKED IN A REMARKABLE TIMEFRAME-LESS THAN 3 HOURS!!!!! NEVER WENT PAST THE “TINGLING” STAGE. ONLY HAD TO APPLY A SMALL AMOUNT 3 TIMES. MAY HAVE BEEN ABLE TO GET BY WITH JUST 2 ADMINISTRATIONS, DID 3 JUST TO MAKE SURE! I AM IN FRONT OF THE PUBLIC AS A HEALTH FOODS DEMONSTRATOR AND CANNOT AFFORD TO HAVE A SORE ON MY MOUTH SHOWING!! I’VE NEVER SEEN ANTHING WORK SO FAST IN ALL OF MY LIFE!! IT’S SIMPLY AMAZING!! DID NOTHING ELSE FOR IT EXCEPT USE THE ALGALAID!! RECEIVED MY SAMPLE THRU SIGNING UP AT THE SOHO CONVENTION IN ORLANDO, FL IN 12/09. THANKS!!

Survey Results

Webmaster — Wed, 28 Apr 2010 20:02:28 +0000

Karen A
At which cold sore stage was AlgalAid first applied?: Prodromal
If applied at the prodromal stage, did AlgalAid prevent the outbreak?: Yes
On what date did you first notice the cold sore? : 2-6-2010
What time was it?: 8:00 am
On what date was it healed?: 2-8-2010
What time was it?: Gone when I woke up
How often do you suffer from cold sores?: Twice a year
What is your age?: 61-70
How would you describe your pigmentation if 5 is dark and 1 is light?: 3
Gender?: Female
Any comments? Dryness around the application area. This product seemed to work as good or better than prescription remedies I have tried in the past.

Webmaster — Wed, 07 Apr 2010 00:53:11 +0000

About AlgalAid

Webmaster — Wed, 07 Apr 2010 00:47:25 +0000

AlgalAid® is an FDA monograph compliant treatment for cold sores and fever blisters containing <1% menthol as an active topical analgesic ingredient. This sample of AlgalAid contains 25% Blue Moon Marine Botanical Extract at ph 5.6, deionized water, emu oil (10%), pure grain alcohol, kosher glycerin, organic aloe vera, iota carrageenan, allantoin, stevia, rosemary oil extract, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate and citric acid.

This extract is formulated for this batch of AlgalAid based on the in vitro analysis of the constituent plants against HSV1 Strain F (#VR-733.) These plants include 4 spp of marine red algae collected from Lower Cook Inlet in Alaska and the Strait of Juan de Fuca in British Columbia. This dynamic approach to cold sore treatment formulation allows us to utilize the natural diversity of antiviral compounds found in these plants to confront the diversity of herpetic pathogens.

The antiviral action of the sulfated polysaccharide cell wall constituents has been documented since 1958. They are involved in ion exchange, cell wall rigidity manipulation, in forming highly specific secondary pit connections between cells and in the cellular recognition required to guide a complex fertilization mechanism of non-motile male gametes. The polysaccharides are a complex mix of galactans with structures based on linear chains of carrageenans and agars with branching substitutions of sulfate groups.

There was an early understanding that these compounds present a high density negative charge with sulfate residues that fit and interact with the cationic charged domains of the viral glycoproteins. It has since been found that, in the case of HSV, there are five viral glycoproteins involved in the binding, attachment and fusion of HSV with the host cell wall. The polysulfate’s main effect is on the specific interaction between the viruses ‘gC’ glycoprotein and heparin sulfate receptors on the host cell surface and variations of this attachment.

These compounds have been reported[1] to show invitro efficacy for a wide spectrum of enveloped viruses such as retroviruses (HIV1&2), herpes simplex virus (HSV 1&2), varicella zoster virus (VZV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), human papilloma virus (Hpv), pseudorabis virus (PrV), flaviviruses (dengue virus type 2), poxviruses (vaccinia virus), hepdanaviruses (hepatitis B virus (HBV)), orthomoxoviruses (influenza A virus (inf A)) and others.

There is also a high selectivity of viral action in cell cultures, as low as .01 to 1 µg/mL with very low cytotoxicity. The serial passage in cell cultures of viruses in the presence of increasing concentrations of sulfated polysaccharides show these compounds to be slow, though existent, inducers of viral drug resistance, but at much lower rates that other antivirals. The sulfated polysaccharides found in AlgalAid have been found to be inhibitory to acyclovir (ACV) resistant strains of HSV1. Several carrageenans have recently been the subject of phase 3 clinical trials in Africa and the red algal derived protein, griffithsin, is the leading candidate as a second generation HIV microbicide.

This batch of AlgalAid contains the following plants and life history phases: Turnerella mertensiana- gametic , Neodilsea borealis- tetrasporic, Cryptosiphonia woodii -gametic Constantinea rosa marina- carposporic. These particular algal species have been used by compounding pharmacists in Alaska for over 25 years without adverse incident. Our extraction techniques employ sonification to disintegrate the cell walls and centrifugation to separate and isolate active fractions.

Ongoing laboratory quality assurance determines the lack of cytotoxicity and adequate antiviral inhibitory concentrations for each batch and well as GMP QC requirements for microbial, pesticide and heavy metal contamination.

Given the variation of the plants we incorporate in the extracts, their life history phases and the suite of active compounds found in each whole plant extract, Blue Moon Marine conducts ongoing randomized, double blind, active controlled, clinical surveys. Current results are available upon request.

[1] Damonte, Elsa B.; et al, Sulfated Seaweed Polysaccharides as Antiviral Agents. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 2004, 11, 2399- 2419

Rosacea

Webmaster — Mon, 11 Jan 2010 16:53:04 +0000

We often get comments from folks who like AlgalAid so much they are motivated to tell us how they feel. Here is one that we received recently:

To whom it may concern,

Thank you! I have Rosacea and recently had an outbreak. I do not like using the medication prescribed to treat Rosacea so out of desperation I decided to apply AlgalAid to the affected area. Wow!!! I saw a dramatic difference overnight. I have been using it for over 1 week and the results are amazing. I know this product is not used to treat Rosacea, but I just had to share this with you. Maybe you can help others with this problem.

Sincerley,
C G

Well, CG, we are ecstatic that you had such dramatic results. We hope that you will tell all your friends about AlgalAid